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What

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The other black gold

Wake up!

Coffee Break. 5 minutes. Back to work. Finally start to wake up ....

This would be the description of a normal working day for many, with the cycle repeated n times and substituting for some coffee or Coca-Cola energy drink or something sweet tooth for chocolate. In any case what we are doing is administered a dose of caffeine .

This simple molecule is the culprit

How much caffeine is too much caffeine? some would say easy: when you see your partner with wide eyes, running the lab Espido with a pulse worse than a Parkinsonian (pardon me) know who has taken one or two more cafes. In fact, there is talk that the daily dose of caffeine should not exceed 500-600mg ( Mayo Clinic) which amounts to about 5 or 6 pubs (though not all coffees have the same caffeine content, as I have seen since I arrived in Germany). It's hard to die from an overdose of caffeine, but not impossible. In fact, the United States last year a boy died at a party because they ingested caffeine powder in a dose of about 20 grams, about one hundred times the normal dose (200mg would cargadito coffee caffeine), and only 2 grams would go straight to hospital. Scicurious has more details of how one dies from an overdose of caffeine (in English) but I wanted to talk a little more than a good side.

Among

obvious effects are to decrease fatigue and increase alertness, that is: we wake up, and improves performance on simple tasks that require attention even when the task is more complex is not so clear your contribution, so does memory has not been able to show that there are clear cognitive benefits associated with the consumption of caffeine in addition, of course, that sleep is difficult to study, to cite one example (ref. 1).

However, its effects vary from person to person, may generate anxiety, insomnia and super-sensitive in people who have certain genetic variants in the dopamine (neurotransmitter associated with the sensation of reward and pleasure) and adenosine (the receptor that also binds to the caffeine, ref. 2 ) and in all cases when one is "removed " appears as a side effect bad mood (ref . 1 ). Has also been reported that caffeine may be helpful in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's (ref. 3) and Parkinson (ref. 4) as well as dementia. Epidemiological studies found an inverse correlation between caffeine intake and the incidence of Parkinson's or Alzheimer's (ie, those who drank caffeine regularly in old age often suffer less disease degenerative) and although this type of study yields mixed results sometimes, experiments in animal models appear to support the causality: that is, caffeine has a beneficial effect per se (in short, ref. 5 ).

also, and to my surprise, there are even protocols on how to get the most out of caffeine to enhance performance (ergogenic) of athletes based on the dual effect of caffeine on the nervous and muscular (ref. 6). A meta-study (comparing the results of studies published to date) on the effects of caffeine on the yield point improvements from 3mg/kg body mass but also points out the shortcomings as to what the ideals of management protocols and in what sports the greatest benefits are observed (ref. 7). However, since 2004, the caffeine is out of the black list of doping agents because caffeine in doses of 3-4mg/kg are the usual mass of the "usual" for more details I recommend the article Miguel Foundation Indurain.

So caffeine is good for students, athletes, workers on night shift, dads, moms, children (or you think that has the ColaCao), the elderly and of course the scientists! So if your first queries genotype if you want to have anxiety disorders and controls dose, there is much vice.

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Question sex (2)

In the movie the Sixth Sense Bruce Willis could see the dead, women are said to have a sixth sense that they are larger sensory acuity but how true is this myth?

start with the sense of smell, men's perfume ads always seem to be involved more women than men and it seems that in this case do so with reason. Although this effect is not related to differences in the habituation / adaptation to the stimulus, usually a couple of minutes after entering the gym locker room noticed the whiff of any job well done, indeed the difference is in sensitivity, women are able to perceive smells less intense, especially when they are ill but it is not clear whether this difference is due to changes in the construction / brain activity or a greater number of olfactory receptors, or the hormonal changes of menstrual cycle. (Ref. 1).

also the sensitivity to pain appears to be different, but here the causes are not so clear. Although the hormonal component may affect nerve pathways related to pain perception (ref 2) and women are more susceptible to inflammatory processes that generate pain response (especially autoimmune diseases like lupus, fibromyalgia ...) also has been that the social and personal perception influences the experience of pain. Thus it is socially frowned upon for a man shows weakness, that is, to express pain, while women are naturally weak beings and it is normal to complain if it hurts (ref. 3 .) So I guess when some men spend hours complaining about how unwell they are by a simple cold is not experiencing pain because it not?

; Our brain, "designed to be moved"

Another widely discussed and researched rationality versus emotionality is the one against the other sex. And most of the studies found differences in the way that both sexes face conflicts of an emotional nature and anatomic level differences. For example, we found differences in activation in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC, and other areas) where men and women had to reconcile the working memory (remembering a series of words) with a negative emotion. So women hyperactivity these areas associated with emotion (OFC, amygdala) while men concentrated areas of activation in cognitive control regions (ref. 4 ). Another area of \u200b\u200bprefrontal have been differences is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), related to each other with the expression of positive emotions, the strength of emotional impulses and especially the kind of emotional control strategies, which may be from removing or re-evaluation. The size of this area vmPFC correlates with the mechanism of emotional control, the larger the increased use of re-evaluation strategies and vice versa now Can you become an idea of \u200b\u200bwho uses preferably each type of strategy? exactly, it was found that men who reported suppression strategies used most often had lower vmPFC (ref. 5 ).

If you want to stop: Take a candy!

This paragraph and biology, therefore, seem to suggest that females are primarily emotional beings and that this component dominates and therefore limited, cognitive aspects. Two feedback: one, that the emotional brain is as important (or more) as the rational brain in decision-making (for a summary of the complexity of decision making and the importance of the emotional brain recommend How we decide and Blink ) and two right last by which these differences can be seen running between the brain of each other are not purely biological: As in the case of pain culture, education and gender roles play an important role when modeling the behavior. Or do you educate children not to cry, to not display emotions in public and girls to display candy and use the resource of candor as a means to get what they want?
On the effect and influence of gender bias in the behavior and perception talk another day, you will see that its scope is far greater than it seems.
nice weekend!

question of sex (1)